Hemodynamic variables in piglets anesthetized with isoflurane or propofol, kept under spontaneous ventilation and FIO2 of 0. 5 / Variáveis hemodinâmicas em suínos anestesiados com isoflurano ou propofol, mantidos sob ventilação espontânea e FIO2 de 0,5

This study aimed to evaluate comparatively the effects of propofol or isoflurane on hemodynamic variables in piglets that received inspired oxygen fraction (FIO2) of 0.5 under spontaneous ventilation. Therefore, sixteen piglets weighing 16±1.1kg, were randomly divided into two groups: GI (Isoflurane and FIO2 of 0.5) and GP (Propofol and FIO2 of 0.5). Heart rate (HR), systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure (SAP, DAP and MAP), central venous pressure (CVP), cardiac output (CO), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) and mean capillary pulmonary pressure (mCPP) were assessed 40 minutes after anesthetic induction (T0), followed by 15 minutes intervals (from T15 to T60). The variables cardiac index (CI), stroke volume (SV), stroke index (SI), total peripheral resistance (TPR), total peripheral resistance index (TPRI), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), and pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI) were calculated. SAP and TPRI were significantly different between groups at T30 and T60 (P< 0.05) with higher GP values being recorded. There were no differences in the other variables, however, GP presented mean closer to normality on most of the analyzed variables. Therefore, we conclude that total intravenous anesthesia with propofol presented greater stability of the hemodynamic variables evaluated.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar comparativamente os efeitos do propofol ou do isoflurano sobre as variáveis hemodinâmicas em leitões que receberam fração inspirada de oxigênio (FIO2) de 0,5 sob ventilação espontânea. Dezesseis leitões, pesando 16±1,1kg, foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: GI (isoflurano e FIO2 de 0,5) e GP (propofol e FIO2 de 0,5). A frequência cardíaca (FC), a pressão arterial sistólica, a diastólica e a média (PAS, PAD e PAM), a pressão venosa central (PVC), o débito cardíaco (DC),a pressão média da artéria pulmonar (PAPm) e a pressão média capilar pulmonar (PCPm) foram avaliados 40 minutos após a indução anestésica (T0), seguida por intervalos de 15 minutos (de T15 a T60). As variáveis índice cardíaco (IC), volume sistólico (VS), índice sistólico (SI), resistência periférica total (RPT), índice de resistência periférica total (IRPT), resistência vascular pulmonar (RVP) e índice de resistência vascular pulmonar (IRVP) foram calculadas. PAS e IRPT foram significativamente diferentes entre os grupos em T30 e T60 (P<0,05) com maiores valores de GP sendo registrados. Não houve diferenças nas demais variáveis, entretanto o GP apresentou médias próximas da normalidade na maioria das variáveis analisadas. Portanto, concluiu-se que a anestesia intravenosa total com propofol apresentou maior estabilidade das variáveis hemodinâmicas avaliadas.(AU)

Hematological and biochemical parameters in Spotted Paca (Cuniculus paca) undergoing pharmacological restraint and general anesthesia / Parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos em Cuniculus paca sob contenção química e anesthesia geral

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of chemical restraint, general anesthesia and opioid treatment on hematological components in Cuniculus paca. Eight healthy, adult, captivity female animals , underwent three laparoscopic procedures with a 15-day interval were evaluated. After physical restraint, an association of ketamine (25mg/kg) and midazolam (0.5mg/kg) was administered intramuscularly for chemical restraint. Posteriorly, anesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane; and randomly administered methadone (0.5mg/kg), tramadol (5mg/kg) or saline-placebo (0,1mL/kg) intramuscularly. After pharmacological restraint and in the final laparoscopy stage, venous blood samples were obtained for complete blood count, total plasma protein (TP), creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), sodium, potassium, chloride and ionized calcium analysis. During general anesthesia, hemoglobin, TP concentration and lymphocytes decreased (P=0.029; <0.001; 0.022 respectively), whereas the potassium levels increased (P=0.034). In conclusion, chemical restraint with ketamine/midazolam association causes a slight decrease in blood cellular components. Isoflurane anesthesia for laparoscopic procedure lead to decrease in hemoglobin, lymphocytes and protein concentrations, while potassium increased, without any influence from the tramadol or methadone treatment. However, these alterations were transient, and its hematologic values can collaborate in carrying out epidemiological, pathophysiological or case studies in the Cuniculus paca.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de contenção química, anestesia geral e tratamento com opiáceos nos parâmetros hematológicos em Cuniculus paca. Foram avaliados oito animais saudáveis, fêmeas, adultas, de cativeiro, que foram submetidas a três procedimentos laparoscópicos, com intervalo de 15 dias. Após a contenção física, uma associação de cetamina (25mg/kg) e midazolam (0,5mg/kg) foi administrada por via intramuscular para contenção química. Posteriormente, a anestesia foi induzida e mantida com isoflurano, e administrou-se aleatoriamente metadona (0,5mg/kg), tramadol (5mg/kg) ou placebo salina por via intramuscular. Após a contenção farmacológica e em estágio final da laparoscopia, foram obtidas amostras de sangue venoso para contagem sanguínea completa, proteína de plasma total (TP), creatinina, alanina aminotransferase (ALT), cálcio, sódio, potássio e cloreto ionizado. Durante a anestesia geral, a concentração de hemoglobina, TP e linfócitos diminuiu (P= 0,029;< 0,001; 0,022, respectivamente), enquanto os níveis de potássio aumentaram (P= 0,034). Em conclusão, a contenção química com associação de cetamina/midazolam promove uma ligeira diminuição dos componentes celulares do sangue. A anestesia com isoflavano para o procedimento laparoscópico levou a uma diminuição das concentrações de hemoglobina, linfócitos e proteínas, enquanto o potássio aumentou, sem qualquer influência do tratamento com tramadol ou metadona. No entanto, essas alterações foram transitórias, e os seus valores hematológicos obtidos podem colaborar na realização de estudos epidemiológicos, fisiopatológicos ou casuísticas para Cuniculus paca.(AU)

Influence of social stress on value of minimal anesthetic concentration of isuflurano in guan (Penelope obscura) captured in wildlife / Influência do estresse social sobre o valor da concentração anestésica mínima de isuflurano em jacus (Penelope obscura) capturados em vida livre

This study aimed to determine and evaluate whether there are differences in values of MAC in wildlife captured guan (Penelope obscura) under different conditions of social stress. This study used 27 bird species guan (P. obscura), divided into two groups: animals kept in the same enclosure (Collective Group) and animals kept in individual cages (Individual Group). The research was conducted at the Advanced Research Base of IBAMA, Painel/SC, and at the Clinical Veterinary Hospital of the "Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina", Lages/SC. The birds were captured using network trap with manual disarmament and transported to the Veterinary Hospital in cages. The animals were fasted for 2 to 6 hours before the procedure; anesthetic induction was performed with isoflurane for instrumentation. The isoflurane CAM was placed in the target value 1.3v% in the first animal of each group, and waited 15 minutes for the nociceptive (electric) stimulus, in the value of 50 hertz and 50mA, held in faradic form (3 consecutive simple stimuli, followed by 2 continuous stimuli). The stimulus was performed on the lateral side of the left pelvic limb in the tibiotarsal region, and the electrodes were fixed with a 22G needle at a distance of 5cm between them. The bird's responses to the stimulus were considered positive (wing movements, head or vocalization) or negative (not presented movements of wings, head or vocalization) and the MAC value of the animal was recorded. Negative responses reduced next birds' MAC value by about 10%, and MAC positive responses increased by about 10%. Statistical analysis was done by methods up and down and analyze quantal for MAC and paired t-test for equivalent or t-test for variances not equal variances for the physiological variables. At the end of the experiment, the birds were reintroduced in the same capture area. The MAC value of isoflurane in the Collective Group was 1.4v% and the Individual Group 1.9v% to 0.903atm. It is observed that guan (P. obscura) in the Collective Group showed lesser anesthetic resistance to isoflurane than the birds in the Individual Group, showing that some levels of social stress can influence the MAC values of the isoflurane.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar e avaliar se há diferença nos valores de CAM em jacus (Penelope obscura) capturados em vida livre e submetidos a diferentes condições de estresse social. Foram utilizadas 27 aves da espécie jacu (P. obscura) de vida livre, que depois de capturados foram alocados em dois grupos: 10 animais que permaneceram em grupo no mesmo recinto (Grupo Coletivo) e 17 animais que permaneceram em gaiolas individuais (Grupo Individual). A pesquisa foi realizada na Base de Pesquisa Avançada do IBAMA, Painel/SC, e no Hospital de Clínica Veterinária da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Lages/SC. A captura foi realizada utilizando armadilha de rede com desarmamento manual e as aves foram transportadas para o Hospital Veterinário em gaiolas. Os animais foram submetidos a um jejum alimentar de 2 a 6 horas antes do procedimento, a indução anestésica foi realizada com isoflurano para instrumentação. A CAM de isoflurano foi colocada no valor alvo 1,3v% no primeiro animal de cada grupo, e esperado 15 minutos para realização do estímulo nociceptivo (elétrico), no valor de 50 hertz e 50mA, realizado de forma farádica (3 estímulos simples consecutivos, seguidos de 2 estímulos contínuos). O estímulo foi realizado na face lateral do membro pélvico esquerdo na região tibiotársica, e os eletrodos fixados com agulha 22G a uma distância de 5cm entre elas. A resposta da ave ao estímulo foi considerada positiva (movimentos de asas, cabeça ou vocalização) ou negativa (não apresentou movimentos de asas, cabeça ou vocalização) e o valor de CAM do animal foi registrado. Para resultados negativos, a CAM da próxima ave foi reduzida em torno de 10%, para positivos a CAM foi aumentada em torno de 10%. A análise estatística foi feita pelos métodos up and down e análise quantal para a CAM e teste t de pareado para variâncias equivalentes ou teste t para variâncias não equivalentes para as variáveis fisiológicas. Ao final do experimento as aves utilizadas foram reintroduzidas na mesma área de captura. O valor da CAM de isoflurano no Grupo Coletivo foi de 1,4v% e no Grupo Individual a CAM de 1,9v% a 0,903atm, sendo o valor do Grupo Coletivo significativamente menor que o Grupo Individual. Observa-se assim que os jacus (P. obscura) que permaneceram em recinto coletivo apresentaram uma menor resistência anestésica ao isoflurano que as aves que permaneceram em recintos individuais, mostrando que alguns níveis de estresse social como os observados aqui podem influenciar sobre os valores da CAM do isoflurano.(AU)

Osseointegration of titanium implants anodized with and without fluoride in the electrolyte: a study in rats / Osteo-integración de implantes de titanio anodizado con y sin agregado de fluoruro en el electrolito: estudio en la rata

Based on the hypothesis that fluoride acts as a bone anabolic agent, the aim of this study was to measure in rats the osseointegration of implants (grade II titanium wire, 1 mm diameter, 4 mm long) submitted to anodic oxidation in 2 M phosphoric acid solution (control implants) or b) in 2 M phosphoric acid solution plus 0.2 M NaF (F-modified implants). Chemical composition of the implants surface was assessed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The surface of F-modified implants contained a 2.57% fluorine in weight. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats (300-350 g body weight) received two implants (in the femur and in the tibia, close to the knee) in each hind limb. Control and F-modified implants were inserted in the left and right hind limbs, respectively. Three weeks after surgery, the animals were sacrificed. The undecalcified bones were embedded in methylmetacrylate. Sections were obtained to measure two histomorphometric magnitudes: bone-toimplant contact (BIC) and bone volume in a defined volume of tissue around the implant (BV/TV). BIC was significantly increased on F-modified implants with respect to their controls (57.2%±3.3%, vs. 47.9±3.4, p<0.05). BV/TV did not differ significantly between F-modified and control implants (24.5±2.2% vs. 22.9±1.4, p=0.30). Profiles of the average gray pixel levels of pseudo3D images showed a greater roughness of F-modified implants respect to their controls (p<0.05). The relative contributions of surface roughness and its fluorine content to the osseointegration process requires further research. (AU)

Con la hipótesis de que el ión fluoruro actúa como anabólico sobre las células óseas, el objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el grado de osteo-integración (en la rata) de implantes (alambre de titanio II, 1 mm de diámetro, 4 mm de largo) anodizados en solución de ácido fosfórico 2 M + NaF 0,2 M (implantes-F) comparados con implantes controles, anodizados en solución de ácido fosfórico 2 M. La composición química de la superficie de los implantes fue evaluada mediante el espectro de dispersión de rayos X producidos durante la observación en el microscopio electrónico de barrido. La superficie de los implantes-F contiene 2.57% de flúor. Ratas macho Sprague-Dawley recibieron dos implantes (en el fémur y en tibia, próximos a la rodilla). Los implantes-F y controles se insertaron en las patas izquierda y derecha respectivamente. En los cortes de hueso sin decalcificación previa se midió el contacto hueso-implante (BIC) y volumen óseo en un volumen definido de tejido (BV/TV). BIC fue significativamente mayor con los Implantes-F respecto de los controles (57,2±3,3% vs. 47,9±3,4, p<0,05). BV/TV no exhibió diferencias significativas entre implantes-F y controles (24,5±2,2% vs. 22,9±1,4, p=0,30). Los perfiles de los niveles de grises de los imágenes pseudo3D de las superficies de los implantes pusieron en evidencia la mayor rugosidad de los implantes-F respecto de los controles (p<0,05). Las contribuciones relativas de la rugosidad y del flúor en el proceso de osteo-integración requieren investigación adicional. (AU)

Early postoperative recovery after intracranial surgical procedures. Comparison of the effects of sevoflurane and desflurane

ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To compared the effects of sevoflurane and desflurane on early anesthesia recovery in patients undergoing to craniotomy for intracranial lesions. METHODS: After IRB approval, the study included 50 patients aged 18-70 years who had ASA physical statuses of I-II and were scheduled for intracranial surgery. Patients were randomly divided into two groups: sevoflurane and desflurane. Anaesthesia was routinely induced in all patients followed by desflurane 5%-6% or sevoflurane 1%-2%. Moreover remifentanil infusion (0.05-0.2 mcg/kg/min) was adjusted to maintain mean arterial pressure (MAP) within 20% baseline and heart rate <90 bpm. Postoperatively, patients were evaluated over time for responses to painful stimulus, eye opening, hand squeezing, extubation, orientation and time required to achieve a Modified Aldrete Score of 9-10. Parametric and non-parametric data were assessed using Student's t- and Mann-Whitney U tests, respectively. A p<0.05 was taken as statistically significant. RESULTS: The times to responses to painful stimuli (7.7±2.7 vs. 4.8±1.7 min.; p<0.001), emergence (9.5±2.81 vs. 6.3±2.2 min.; p<0.001), hand-squeezing (12.1±2.9 vs. 8.2±2.3 min.; p<0.001), extubation (10.1±2.87 vs. 7.1±1.6 min.; p<0.001), orientation (15.3±3.2 vs. 10.3±2.7 min.; p<0.001) and Aldrete score of 9-10 (23.3±6.1 vs. 15.8±3.8 min.; p<0.001) were significantly lower with desflurane-based anaesthesia vs. sevoflurane-based anaesthesia. CONCLUSION: Desflurane yields early recovery functions and facilitates early postoperative neurologic examinations of intracranial surgery patients.

Lactated Ringer's solution or 0.9 por cento sodium chloride as fluid therapy in pigeons (Columba livia) submitted to humerus osteosynthesis / Fluidoterapia com Ringer lactato ou cloreto de sódio 0.9 percent em pombos (Columbia livia) submetidos à osteossíntese de úmero

The study aimed to compare the effects of intraosseous infusion of lactated Ringer's and 0.9% sodium chloride solutions on the electrolytes and acid-base balance in pigeons submitted to humerus osteosynthesis. Eighteen pigeons were undergoing to isoflurane anesthesia by an avalvular circuit system. They were randomly assigned into two groups (n=9) receiving lactated Ringer's solution (LR) or 0.9% sodium chloride (SC), in a continuous infusion rate of 20mL/kg/h, by using an intraosseous catheter into the tibiotarsus during 60-minute anesthetic procedure. Heart rate (HR), and respiratory rate (RR) were measured every 10 min. Venous blood samples were collected at 0, 30 and 60 minutes to analyze blood pH, PvCO2, HCO3 -, Na+ and K+. Blood gases and electrolytes showed respiratory acidosis in both groups during induction, under physical restraint. This acidosis was evidenced by a decrease of pH since 0 min, associated with a compensatory response, observed by increasing of HCO3 - concentration, at 30 and 60 min. It was not observed any changes on Na+ and K+ serum concentrations. According to the results, there is no reason for choosing one of the two solutions, and it could be concluded that both fluid therapy solutions do not promote any impact on acid-base balance and electrolyte concentrations in pigeons submitted to humerus osteosynthesis...

O presente estudo avaliou os efeitos da infusão das soluções de Ringer lactato ou cloreto de sódio 0,9%, no equilíbrio ácido-base e hidroeletrolítico de pombos submetidos à osteossíntese de úmero. Foram utilizados 18 animais, os quais foram submetidos à anestesia por isofluorano, e mantidos em circuito avalvular durante o período anestésico (60 min). Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos (n=9) recebendo Ringer lactato (LR) ou cloreto de sódio 0,9% (SC), administradas na taxa de 20mL/kg/h pela via intraóssea (tibiotarso). Foram monitoradas as frequências cardíaca e respiratória a cada 10 minutos e colhidas amostras sanguíneas venosas aos 0, 30 e 60 min de anestesia, obtendo-se a partir destas, valores de pH sanguíneo, bicarbonato (HCO3), pressão venosa de CO2 (PvCO2), sódio (Na+) e potássio (K+). Os valores referentes ao equilíbrio ácido-base indicam que houve acidose respiratória em ambos os grupos, a qual foi decorrente do processo de indução sob contenção física, caracterizada por diminuição no pH desde o 0 min, associado ao aumento compensatório nos valores de HCO3 -, nos momentos 30 e 60 min. No entanto, no que se refere aos valores obtidos de Na+ e K+ séricos, durante a infusão de ambos os fluidos, não foram observadas alterações que justifiquem a predileção por alguma destas soluções. Diante destes resultados conclui-se que a escolha entre uma das soluções avaliadas não promoveu impacto sob o equilíbrio ácido-base e hidroeletrolítico de pombos submetidos a osteossíntese de úmero...

Bispectral index in calves anesthetized with xylazine, midazolam, ketamine, isoflurane and subjected to continuous rate infusion of lidocaine

PURPOSE: To assess the bispectral index (BIS) and recovery in calves anesthetized with xylazine, midazolam, ketamine and isoflurane and subjected to CRI of lidocaine. METHODS: Xilazine was administered followed by ketamine and midazolam, orotracheal intubation and maintenance on isoflurane using mechanical ventilation. Lidocaine (2 mg kg-1 bolus) or saline (0.9%) was administered IV followed by a CRI (100 µg kg-1 minute-1) of lidocaine (L) or saline (C). Were recorded BIS, heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and rectal temperature (RT) before administration of premedication (TB) and 15 minutes after (TX), before administering lidocaine (T0) and 20, 40, 60 and 80 minutes after the start of the CRI . Time do sternal recumbency (SRE) and standing (ST) and plasma lidocaine concentration also evaluated. RESULTS: In both treatments BIS decreased significantly at all times compared to TB. TX was higher than the subsequent times. HR decreased from baseline at all times and decreased from T40 in L compared to C. SRE was higher in L compared to C. CONCLUSIONS: Bispectral index values were consistent with the degree of hypnosis of the animals. Lidocaine did not potentiate isoflurane anesthesia assessed by BIS in unstimulated calves anesthetized with constant E´Iso. Lidocaine increased the time to sternal recumbency. .

Effects of a continuous rate infusion of butorphanol in isoflurane-anesthetized horses on cardiorespiratory parameters, recovery quality, gastrointestinal motility and serum cortisol concentrations

PURPOSE: To assess the cardiorespiratory parametes, recovery, gastrointestinal motility and serum cortisol concentrations in horses anesthetized with isoflurane with or without a continuous rate infusion (CRI) of butorphanol for orchiectomy. METHODS: Twelve adult, intact, male horses weighing 332 ± 55 kg were included in the study. Xilazine was administered as premedication. Anesthesia was induced with ketamine and midazolam and maintained with isoflurane. Butorphanol (0.025 mg kg-1 bolus) or an equivalent volume of saline (0.9%) was given intravenously followed by a CRI of butorphanol (BG) (13 µg kg-1 hour-1) or saline (CG). Cardiorespiratory variables were recorded before (T0) and every 15 minutes for 75 minutes after the start of infusion. Serum cortisol concentration was measured at T0 and 60 minutes, and 30 minutes and 19 hours after the horse stood up. Recovery from anesthesia was evaluated using a scoring system. Gastrointestinal motility was evaluated before anesthesia and during 24 hours after recovery. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between groups in cardiopulmonary variables, or recovery scores or serum cortisol concentrations. A reduction in gastrointestinal motility was recorded for 60 minutes in BG. CONCLUSIONS: Continuous rate infusion of butorphanol in horses anesthetized with isoflurane did not adversely affect the cardiopulmonary variables monitored, or recovery scores. A small but statistically significant reduction in gastrointestinal motility occurred in the butorphanol group. .

Parâmetros ventilométricos e hemogasométricos em cadelas submetidas à ovariohisterectomia, pré-medicadas com tramadol ou morfina e anestesiadas com isofluorano / Ventilometric parameters and arterial blood gases in bitches undergoingovariohisterectomy, pre-medicated with morphine or tramadol and anesthetized with isoflurane

Avaliaram-se os efeitos nos parâmetros ventilométricos e hemogasométricos em cadelas submetidas à ovário-histerectomia (OHE),pré-medicadas com tramadol ou morfina e anestesiadas com isofluorano. Utilizaram-se 12 cadelas sem raça definida (SRD), divididasem dois grupos (n= 6 para cada grupo), todas com indução anestésica com propofol e manutenção com isofluorano em O2 a 100%, sendo que a diferença entre os grupos se deu pela pré-medicação com tramadol (GT – 4mg/kg IM) ou morfina (GM – 0,4 mg/kg IM). As observações das variáveis iniciaram-se 30 minutos após a administração do bolus de propofol (M0). As demais colheitas dos dados foram realizadas em intervalos de 15 minutos, por um período de 60 minutos (M15, M30, M45 e M60, respectivamente). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os grupos ou momentos para as variáveis hemogasométricas, entretanto, as médias de pH, déficit de base (DB) e pressão parcial de dióxido de carbono no sangue arterial (PaCO2) ficaram fora da faixa normal para a espécie canina. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas para as variáveis: volume corrente (GM > GT de M0 a M60), pico de fluxo inspiratório e expiratório (GM > GT) e pressão de pico inspiratório, sendo que GM foi maior que GT em M0.Concluiu-se que ambos os opioides são seguros, não causando alterações importantes na ventilometria quando utilizados na pré-medicação em cadelas anestesiadas com isofluorano e submetidas à OHE, porém, a anestesia inalatória com isofluorano deve ser utilizada com cautela em animais com propensão à acidemia.

We evaluated the effects on blood gas and ventilometric parameters in bitches undergoing ovariohysterectomy (OHE), pre-medicatedwith morphine or tramadol and anesthetized with isoflurane. We used 12 mongrel dogs, distributed into two groups (n = 6 foreach group), all with induction of anesthesia with propofol and maintained with isoflurane in 100% O2, and the difference betweengroups was given by premedication with tramadol (GT - 4mg/kg IM) or morphine (GM - 0.4 mg / kg IM). The measurement of allvariables was performed 30 minutes after propofol bolus (M0), and then, in intervals of 15 minutes, during 60 minutes (M15, M30,M45 and M60). No significant differences were found between groups or times for the gas variables, however pH, PaCO2 and DBwere outside the normal range for dogs. Significant differences were found for the variables: tidal volume (GM> GT M0 to M60),peak inspiratory and expiratory flow (GM> GT) and peak inspiratory pressure (GM was higher than GT in M0). It was concludedthat both opioids are safe and will not cause major changes in ventilometry when used in premedication in dogs anesthetized withisoflurane and submitted to OHE, however, inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane should be used with caution in animals with atendency to acidemia.

Effects of continuous rate infusion of butorphanol in isoflurane-anesthetized calves

PURPOSE: To assess the hemodynamic changes and bispectral index (BIS) following administration of a continuous rate infusion (CRI) of butorphanol in isoflurane-anesthetized calves. METHODS: Eight calves weighing 110 ± 12 kg were included in the study. Anesthesia was induced with 5% isoflurane in O2 delivered via face mask and maintained with end-tidal concentration of 1.4%. IPPV was set to a peak inspiratory airway pressure of 15 cmH2O and respiratory rate of six breaths minute-1. Forty minutes after the start of anesthetic maintenance, 0.1 mg kg-1butorphanol was administered intravenously, followed by a CRI of 20 µg kg-1 minute-1. Hemodynamic variables and BIS were recorded before butorphanol administration (T0), and at 10, 20, 40 and 80 minutes following the CRI. Anesthesia was discontinued after the last recording and the calves were allowed to recover. The time to sternal recumbency (SRE) and standing (ST) were evaluated. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the moments in all hemodynamic variables and BIS. The time to SRE and ST was 9 ± 5 and 14 ± 7 minutes, respectively. CONCLUSION: The continuous rate infusion did not produce clinically relevant changes in hemodynamic or bispectral index values compared to baseline in mechanically ventilated and unstimulated calves anesthetized at 1.4% isoflurane. .

Plasma levels of interleukin-10 and nitric oxide in response to two different desflurane anesthesia flow rates / Níveis plasmáticos de interleucina-10 e óxido nítrico em resposta a duas taxas de fluxo em anestesia com desflurano / Niveles plasmáticos de interleucina-10 y óxido nítrico en respuesta a 2 tasas de flujo en anestesia con desflurano

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated interleukin-10 and nitric oxide plasma levels following surgery to determine whether there is a correlation between these two variables and if different desflurane anesthesia flow rates influence nitric oxide and interleukin-10 concentrations in circulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty patients between 18 and 70 years and ASA I-II physical status who were scheduled to undergo thyroidectomy were enrolled in the study. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were allocated into two groups to receive two different desflurane anesthesia flow rates: high flow (Group HF) and low flow (Group LF). MEASUREMENTS: Blood samples were drawn at the beginning (t 0) and end (t 1) of the operation and after 24 h (t 2). Plasma interleukin-10 and nitric oxide levels were measured using an enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay and a Griess reagents kit, respectively. Hemodynamic and respiratory parameters were assessed. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups with regard to interleukin-10 levels at the times of measurement. Interleukin-10 levels were increased equally in both groups at times t 1 and t 2 compared with preoperative concentrations. For both groups, nitric oxide circulating concentrations were significantly reduced at times t 1 and t 2 compared with preoperative concentrations. However, the nitric oxide value was lower for Group HF compared to Group LF at t 2. No correlation was found between the IL-10 and nitric oxide levels. CONCLUSION: Clinical usage of two different flow anesthesia forms with desflurane may increase interleukin-10 levels both in Group HF and Group LF; nitric oxide levels circulating concentrations were significantly reduced at times t 1 and t 2 compared with preoperative concentrations; however, at 24 h postoperatively they were higher in Group LF compared to Group HF. No correlation was detected between interleukin-10 and nitric oxide levels. .

OBJETIVO: este estudo investigou os níveis plasmáticos de interleucina-10 e óxido nítrico após cirurgia para determinar se há correlação entre essas duas variáveis e se diferentes taxas de fluxo de anestesia com desflurano influenciam as concentrações de interleucina-10 e óxido nítrico na circulação. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: quarenta pacientes, entre 18 e 70 anos de idade, estado físico ASA I-II, programados para tireoidectomia foram incluídos no estudo. INTERVENÇÕES: os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos para receber dois fluxos diferentes de anestesia com desflurano: fluxo alto (Grupo FA) e fluxo baixo (Grupo FB). MENSURAÇÕES: amostras de sangue foram colhidas no início (t 0 ) e final (t 1 ) da cirurgia e após 24 h (t 2 ). Os níveis plasmáticos de interleucina-10 e óxido nítrico foram medidos usando um ensaio imunossorvente ligado à enzima um estojo de reagentes de Griess, respectivamente. Os parâmetros hemodinâmicos e respiratórios foram avaliados. RESULTADOS: não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os dois grupos em relação aos níveis de interleucina-10 níveis nos tempos de medição. Os níveis de interleucina-10 aumentaram igualmente em ambos os grupos nos tempos t 1 e t 2 em comparação com as concentrações no pré-operatório. Em ambos os grupos, as concentrações circulantes de óxido nítrico estavam significativamente reduzidas nos tempos t 1 e t 2 em comparação com as concentrações no pré-operatório. No entanto, o valor de óxido nítrico foi menor no Grupo FA que no Grupo FB no t 2 . Não houve correlação entre os níveis de IL-10 e óxido nítrico. CONCLUSÃO: o ...

OBJETIVO: este estudio investigó los niveles plasmáticos de interleucina-10 y óxido nítrico después de la cirugía para determinar si hay alguna correlación entre esas 2 variables y si diferentes tasas de flujo de anestesia con desflurano influyen en las concentraciones de interleucina-10 y óxido nítrico en la circulación. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: cuarenta pacientes, entre 18 y 70 años de edad, estado físico ASA I-II, programados para tiroidectomía se incluyeron en el estudio. INTERVENCIONES: los pacientes se dividieron en 2 grupos para recibir 2 flujos diferentes de anestesia con desflurano: flujo alto (grupo FA) y flujo bajo (grupo FB). MEDICIONES: se extrajeron muestras de sangre al inicio (t 0 ) y al final (t 1 ) de la cirugía y después de 24 h (t 2 ). Los niveles plasmáticos de interleucina-10 y óxido nítrico fueron medidos usando un ensayo de inmunoabsorción conectando un kit de reactivos de Griess, respectivamente. Se evaluaron los parámetros hemodinámicos y respiratorios. RESULTADOS: no hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los 2 grupos con relación a los niveles de interleucina-10 en los tiempos de medición. Los niveles de interleucina-10 aumentaron igualmente en ambos grupos en los tiempos t 1 y t 2 en comparación con las concentraciones en el preoperatorio. En ambos grupos, las concentraciones circulantes de óxido nítrico estaban significativamente reducidas en los tiempos t 1 y t 2 en comparación con las concentraciones en el preoperatorio. Sin embargo, el valor de óxido nítrico fue menor en el grupo FA que en el grupo FB en el t 2 . No hubo correlación entre los niveles de interleucina-10 y óxido nítrico. CONCLUSIÓN: el uso clínico de 2 flujos diferentes en anestesia con desflurano puede aumentar los ...

Randomized, controlled trial comparing the effects of anesthesia with propofol, isoflurane, desflurane and sevoflurane on pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy / Estudo randômico controlado que compara os efeitos da anestesia com propofol, isoflurano, desflurano e sevoflurano sobre a dor pós-colecistectomia videolaparoscópica / Estudio aleatorizado controlado comparando los efectos de la anestesia con propofol, isoflurano, desflurano y sevoflurano sobre el dolor poscolecistectomía videolaparoscópica

Background: Pain is the primary complaint and the main reason for prolonged recovery after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The authors hypothesized that patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy will have less pain four hours after surgery when receiving maintenance of anesthesia with propofol when compared to isoflurane, desflurane, or sevoflurane. Methods: In this prospective, randomized trial, 80 patients scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy were assigned to propofol, isoflurane, desflurane, or sevoflurane for the maintenance of anesthesia. Our primary outcome was pain measured on the numeric analog scale four hours after surgery. We also recorded intraoperative use of opioids as well as analgesic consumption during the first 24 h after surgery. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in pain scores four hours after surgery (p = 0.72). There were also no statistically significant differences in pain scores between treatment groups during the 24 h after surgery (p = 0.45). Intraoperative use of fentanyl and morphine did not vary significantly among the groups (p = 0.21 and 0.24, respectively). There were no differences in total morphine and hydrocodone/APAP use during the first 24 h (p = 0.61 and 0.53, respectively). Conclusion: Patients receiving maintenance of general anesthesia with propofol do not have less pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy when compared to isoflurane, desflurane, or sevoflurane. .

Justificativa e objetivo: a dor é a principal queixa e também o motivo principal de recuperação prolongada pós-colecistectomia laparoscópica. A nossa hipótese foi que os pacientes submetidos à colecistectomia laparoscópica apresentariam menos dor quatro horas após a cirurgia se recebessem manutenção anestésica com propofol em comparação com isoflurano, desflurano ou sevoflurano. Métodos: neste estudo prospectivo e randômico, 80 pacientes agendados para colecistectomia laparoscópica foram designados para receber propofol, isoflurano, desflurano ou sevoflurano para manutenção da anestesia. Nosso desfecho primário foi dor mensurada em escala analógica numérica quatro horas após a cirurgia. Também registramos o uso intraoperatório de opiáceos, bem como o consumo de analgésicos durante as primeiras 24 horas pós-cirúrgicas. Resultados: não houve diferença estatisticamente significante nos escores de dor quatro horas após a cirurgia (p = 0,72). Também não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa nos escores de dor entre os grupos de tratamento durante as 24 horas pós-cirúrgicas (p = 0,45). O uso intraoperatório de fentanil e morfina não variou significativamente entre os grupos (p = 0,21 e 0,24, respectivamente). Não houve diferença no consumo total de morfina e hidrocodona/APAP durante as primeiras 24 horas (p = 0,61 e 0,53, respectivamente). Conclusão: os pacientes que receberam propofol para manutenção da anestesia geral não apresentaram menos dor pós-colecistectomia videolaparoscópica em comparação com os que receberam isoflurano, desflurano ou sevoflurano. .

Justificación y objetivo: el dolor es el principal motivo de queja y también la principal razón de una prolongada recuperación tras una colecistectomía laparoscópica. Nuestra hipótesis fue que los pacientes sometidos a colecistectomía laparoscópica tenían menos dolor 4 h después de la cirugía cuando recibían propofol para la anestesia en comparación con isoflurano, desflurano o sevoflurano. Métodos: en este estudio prospectivo y aleatorizado, 80 pacientes programados para colecistectomía laparoscópica fueron designados para recibir propofol, isoflurano, desflurano o sevoflurano para el mantenimiento de la anestesia. Nuestro primer resultado fue el dolor medido en escala analógica numérica 4 h después de la cirugía. También registramos el uso intraoperatorio de opiáceos y el consumo de analgésicos durante las primeras 24 h del postoperatorio. Resultados: no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las puntuaciones del dolor 4 h después de la cirugía (p = 0,72). Tampoco hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las puntuaciones del dolor entre los grupos de tratamiento durante las 24 h del postoperatorio (p = 0,45). El uso intraoperatorio de fentanilo y morfina no varió significativamente entre los grupos (p = 0,21 y 0,24 respectivamente). No hubo una diferencia en el consumo total de morfina e hidrocodona/APAP durante las primeras 24 h (p = 0,61 y 0,53 respectivamente). Conclusiones: los pacientes que recibieron propofol para el mantenimiento de la anestesia general no tenían menos dolor poscolecistectomía videolaparoscópica en comparación con los que recibieron isoflurano, desflurano o sevoflurano. .

Determinação da concentração alveolar mínima do isofluorano em catetos (Tayassu tajacu) / Isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration in collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu)

A anestesia inalatória vem sendo amplamente difundida na medicina veterinária, no entanto seu uso em animais selvagens ainda é restrito, não sendo observado nenhum estudo referente à sua utilização na espécie Tayassu tajacu. O objetivo da pesquisa foi determinar a concentração alveolar mínima (CAM) do isofluorano em catetos e apresentar os efeitos desta administração sobre as variáveis hemodinâmicas e respiratórias, como também a qualidade da recuperação anestésica. Utilizou-se 10 animais, machos, com idade variando de 1 a 3 anos oriundos do Centro de Multiplicação de Animais Silvestres da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Brasil. Todos os animais tiveram anestesia induzida com 7mg.kg-1 de propofol e posteriormente foram conectados a circuito anestésico com isofluorano e oxigênio 100 por cento. O estímulo noceptivo supramáximo adotado foi pinçamento interdigital, o qual era realizado após 15 minutos de espera para cada concentração de isofluorano fornecida. Ao ser observada resposta negativa frente ao estímulo a concentração era reduzida em 20 por cento, quando verificada resposta positiva o estímulo era cessado, calculando-se a partir daí o valor da CAM. [...] A recuperação anestésica foi tranquila e rápida. Concluiu-se que a CAM do isofluorano para catetos foi maior que a observada em espécies afins. O isofluorano pode ser utilizado nesta espécie, sendo considerado seguro e eficaz. A recuperação dos animais após anestesia com isofluorano foi livre de excitação.

Inhalation anesthesia has been widespread in veterinary medicine. Nevertheless, its use in wild animals is still limited, having no studies on its use been observed in the species. The objective of the research was to determine the isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) in peccaries and present the effects of its administration on the hemodynamic and respiratory variables, as well as data concerning the anesthesia recovery. The study used 10 male animals with age ranging from one to three years, from the Centro de Multiplicação de Animais Silvestres of Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Brazil. All the animals had anesthesia induced with propofol 7mg.kg-¹, were intubated and connected to the anesthetic circuit with isoflurane and 100 percent oxygen. The supramaximal noxious stimulation used was the interdigital pinch, which was performed after 15 minutes of waiting for each provided isoflurane concentration. When negative response to the stimulus was observed, the concentration was reduced by 20 percent; when positive response was verified, the stimulus was stopped, being the CAM value calculated from that point. [...] Recovery was quiet and smooth. It was concluded that the isoflurane MAC for peccaries was greater than that observed in related species. Isoflurane can be used in this species, being considered safe and effective. The animals' recovery after anesthesia with isoflurane was free from excitement.

Eletroacupuntura para tratamento de hipotensão induzida por isofluorano em cavalos / Electroacupuncture treatment for isoflurane induced hypotension in horses

Objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência do tratamento da hipotensão arterial com eletroacupuntura comparativamente à dobutamina em equinos. Foram avaliados seis cavalos adultos, saudáveis, mantidos em anestesia inalatória, com isofluorano, em ventilação mecânica. Após a estabilização da anestesia, foi induzida hipotensão arterial, através do incremento da concentração do isofluorano, iniciando-se um dos tratamentos: DOB: dobutamina (1,5µg kg-1 min-1, infusão contínua intravenosa); EA: estímulo elétrico no acuponto pericárdio 6 (PC6), bilateralmente; SHAM: estímulo elétrico em ponto falso de acupuntura. Foram mensurados: frequência cardíaca (FC), pressão arterial média (PAM), temperatura retal (T), concentração final expirada de isofluorano (ETiso), variáveis hemogasométricas, concentração sérica de aspartato aminotransferase (AST) e creatina fosfoquinase (CK), tempo e qualidade da recuperação pós-anestésica. Houve incremento na PAM de 50%, 36,6% e 7,5% nos tratamentos DOB, EA e SHAM, respectivamente. Não houve diferença entre os grupos nas variáveis hemogasométricas, FC, T, ETiso, CK, AST, tempo e qualidade de recuperação pós-anestésica. Conclui-se que o tratamento com dobutamina foi mais efetivo para o tratamento da hipotensão em cavalos sob anestesia inalatória quando comparado ao estímulo elétrico do acuponto PC6 ou ponto falso de acupuntura...

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of electroacupuncture compared to the dobutamine treatment of hypotension in equines. Six adult horses were maintained in isoflurane anesthesia with mechanical ventilation. After anesthesia was established, the isoflurane concentration was raised until hypotension was achieved. After that the animals were treated with a constant rate of 1.5mg kg -1min-1 intravenous dobutamine (DOB), electroacupunture to pericardium 6 (PC-6) acupoint (EA) and false point treatment (SHAM). Heart rate (HH), median arterial blood pressure (MAP), rectal temperature (T), isoflurane end-tidal concentration, arterial blood gases, creatine kinase (CK), aspartate transaminase (AST), recovery time and quality of recovery were investigated. The MAP increased 50%, 36.5% and 7.5%% in DOB, EA and SHAM treatments, respectively. HH, T, arterial blood gases, CK, AST, recovery time and quality of recovery did not differ among treatments. It was concluded that the dobutamine treatment was more effective than EA and SHAM treatments for the reversion of isoflurane induced hypotension in horses...

Hyperventilation accelerates the rise of arterial blood concentrations of desflurane in gynecologic patients

OBJECTIVES: Under a constant inspired concentration, the uptake of a volatile anesthetic into the arterial blood should mainly be governed by alveolar ventilation, according to the assumption that the patient's cardiac output remains stable during anesthesia. We investigated whether ventilation volume affects the rate of desflurane uptake by examining arterial blood concentrations. METHOD: Thirty female patients were randomly allocated into the following three groups: hyperventilation, normal ventilation and hypoventilation. Hemodynamic variables were measured using a Finometer, inspiratory and end-tidal concentrations of desflurane were measured by infrared analysis, and the desflurane concentration in the arterial blood (Ades) was analyzed by gas chromatography. RESULTS: During the first 10 minutes after the administration of desflurane, the Ades was highest in the hyperventilation group, and this value was significantly different from those obtained for the normal and hypoventilation groups. In addition, hyperventilation significantly increased the slope of Ades-over-time during the first 5 minutes compared with patients experiencing normal ventilation and hypoventilation, but there were no differences in these slopes during the periods from 5-10, 10-20 and 20-40 minutes after the administration of desflurane. This finding indicates that there were no differences in desflurane uptake between the three groups after the first 5 minutes within desflurane administration. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperventilation accelerated the rate of the rise in Ades following desflurane administration, which was time-dependent with respect to different alveolar ventilations levels.

comparative study of cardioprotective effect of three anesthetic agents by measuring serum level of troponin-T after coronary artery bypass grafting

Cardiac surgery is associated with some degree of myocardial injury. Preconditioning first described in 1986 was pharmacologic and non- pharmacologic. Among the long list of anesthetic drugs, isoflurane as an inhaling agent along with midazolam and propofol as injectable substances have been documented to confer some preconditioning effects on myocardium. In this study cardiac Troponin T [cTnT] ,as a reliable marker, was used for evaluating myocardial injury. This prospective double blind study was comprised of 60 patients scheduled for CABG and were randomly assigned into three groups who received infusion of propofol or midazolam or isoflorane. Surgical procedures and anesthetics were similar for 3 groups. cTnT measured preoperatively and at 12, 24 and 36hr after arrival in ICU. There were no statistically significant differences in mean cTnT levels between three groups in the preoperative period and 12-24 hours after arrival in ICU. However, mean cTnT in 3 groups at 36 hours after arrival in ICU were different [P< 0.013] and cTnT level was significantly higher in midazolam group [P<0.001] and lowest in isoflurane group [P=0.002]. There were significant differences on cTnT levels between anesthetic groups of isofluran, midazolam and propofol at 36 hr after surgery. Preconditioning effect of isoflurane was higher than the other two groups

Dexmedetomidine in anesthesia of children submitted to videolaparoscopic appendectomy: a double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled study / Dexmedetomidina na anestesia de crianças submetidas à apendicectomia por videolaparoscopia: um estudo duplo cego randomizado e placebo-controlado

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the hemodynamic responses to nociceptive stimuli in children submitted to videolaparoscopic appendectomy under balanced anesthesia with isoflurane and dexmedetomidine. METHODS: Randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled study involving 26 children submitted to videolaparoscopic appendectomy carried out at Hospital São Lucas (PUCRS) between May 2004 and February 2005. Patients were assigned to two groups: (a) Dexmedetomidine group (n=13): infusion of 1µg/kg over 10 minutes and maintenance dose of 0.5µg/kg/h) as an adjuvant to inhaled isoflurane anesthesia; (b) Control group (n=13): normal saline infusion at a similar rate and volume of the dexmedetomidine infusion. During the different surgical and anesthetic periods, groups were compared regarding heart rate, systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressures as well as need of supplemental fentanyl infusion. Student's t test, ANOVA, and Finner's procedure were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: During the strongest nociceptive stimuli (airway access and abdominal catheter placement), the heart rate and systolic blood pressure increased significantly (p<0.001) in the control group compared to the dexmedetomidine group. Compared to baseline levels, the hemodynamic responses to nociceptive stimuli were more stable when dexmedetomidine was used in combination with inhaled isoflurane anesthesia. The need for supplemental doses of fentanyl and the hemodynamic parameters were similar for both groups. CONCLUSION: Dexmedetomidine combined with inhaled isoflurane for anesthesia of children submitted to videolaparoscopic appendectomy, efficiently blocks the hemodynamic responses to nociceptive stimuli. When compared to placebo, the use of dexmedetomidine did not change the need for supplemental doses of fentanyl for maintenance of hemodynamic parameters during the intraoperative period.

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a resposta hemodinâmica aos estímulos nocicepticos em crianças submetidas à apendicectomia por videolaparoscopia sob anestesia balanceada com isoflorane e dexmedetomidina. MÉTODOS: Estudo randomizado, duplo cego e placebo controlado envolvendo 26 crianças submetidas à apendicectomia por videolaparoscopia no Hospital São Lucas da PUCRS entre maio de 2004 a fevereiro 2005. Os pacientes foram alocados: a) Grupo Dexmedetomidina (n=13), administrada 1µg/kg em 10 minutos e manutenção de 0,5µg/kg/h como coadjuvante à anestesia inalatória com isoforane; b) Grupo Controle (n=13), que recebia solução fisiológica com volume e velocidade de infusão semelhante ao grupo anterior. Durante os diferentes tempos cirúrgicos e anestésicos os grupos foram comparados em relação à freqüência cardíaca, pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica, assim como necessidade de doses suplementares de fentanil. Os grupos foram comparados pelo teste T, Qui quadrado, a ANOVA e Finner. RESULTADOS: Nos momentos de maior estímulo doloroso (entubação, colocação dos trocateres abdominais), a freqüência cardíaca e tensão arterial sistólica aumentaram significativamente (p<0,001) no grupo placebo em comparação ao grupo dexmedetomidina. Houve maior estabilidade hemodinâmica aos estímulos nociceptivos quando a dexmedetomidina foi empregada na complementação anestésica ao isoforane. A necessidade de doses adicionais de fentanil na manutenção dos parâmetros hemodinâmicos estáveis foi semelhante entre os dois grupos. CONCLUSÃO: A dexmedetomidina, utilizada como coadjuvante ao isoforane na anestesia de crianças submetidas à apendicectomia por videolaparoscopia, bloqueia de forma efetiva a resposta hemodinâmica aos estímulos nociceptivos. No entanto, quando comparada ao placebo a dexmedetomidina não modificou a necessidade de doses complementares de fentanil para manutenção de parâmetros hemodinâmicos estáveis, durante o periodo intraoperatório.